氮营养对两种红树植物根际去除柴油污染的影响

采用温室沙培试验4个月,研究了在不同氮营养水平下红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candle)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)对柴油污染的修复作用,并探讨了氮营养对秋茄和桐花树在柴油污染暴露情况下的生长影响,以及对柴油污染去除效果的影响.结果表明,柴油污染对红树植物秋茄和桐花树的生长具抑制作用,柴油浓度越高抑制越明显,且对根部的抑制作用比对地上部显著,增加氮营养水平可以促进红树植物对高浓度柴油污染的耐受性.在各种污染水平下,柴油中总石油烃在秋茄和桐花树的非根际区去除率为72%~80%,在根际区则高达90%以上.相同污染水平下,增加氮营养水平可有效促进秋茄和桐花树根际对柴油的生物去除效率.     

辽宁西北部地区森林地被可燃物及其燃烧性的研究

对辽宁西北部地区主要林型地被可燃物种类、组成、载量以及燃烧性进行了研究,结果表明:该区有7种主要常见林型,各种林型下可燃物种类组成和盖度有明显不同,林下可燃物载量变化范围是2.76~29.71 t.hm-2。按地被凋落物的燃烧性测定指标综合分析确定,容易燃烧的林型是油松人工纯林,较易燃烧的林型是樟子松人工纯林、天然栎树疏林、天然杂木林和沙棘人工纯林,不易燃烧的林型是刺槐人工纯林和杨树人工纯林。     

保持颗粒饲料适宜水分的方法

文章综述了颗粒饲料水分含量和活度的检测方法及对饲料品质的影响,研究了保持颗粒饲料水分含量和活度在适宜水平的方法。     

大型低速船用柴油机燃油共轨系统建模

以瓦锡兰Sulzer 7RT—flex60C型船用柴油机为研究对象,首先介绍了燃油共轨系统的组成,分析了燃油共轨系统的特性,然后利用流体力学原理构建了燃油共轨系统各个模块的数学模型,最后采用MATLAB／Simulink软件进行仿真计算．仿真结果与船用柴油机台架数据误差符合要求,具有一定的有效性和准确性．     

Comparison of the cost and energy efficiencies of present and future biomass supply systems for young dense forests

The objective was to study the effect of future harvesting and handling technologies on the cost and energy efficiency of supply chains for young dense thinnings. The system costs and energy requirements were modeled using type of stands, products delivered, and transport distances as variables. In total, 14 systems were analyzed, of which five represented future systems. The effects of increasing the payloads of off-road and road transportation of whole tree (WT) parts by 10%, 20%, and 30% were also analyzed. If boom-corridor thinning technologies, optimized bundle-harvesters, and load-compression devices are developed, on average, costs are reduced by 12–27% and 11–30% less energy is required when compared with present systems. For example, at an average harvested tree size of 22 dm³, the supply of WT using future technologies would reduce the cost by up to 15% and the energy requirements by 21%. These effects increase with reduced tree sizes and increased transportation distances. The effects of future technologies are especially significant for tree sizes below 30 dm³, representing a significant part of the potential that could be harvested annually in Sweden. Thus, there should be increased research and development of boom-corridor felling technology, bundle-harvesters, and load-compression devices.     

普洱市发展生物质固体燃料产业的前景与对策

介绍了普洱市的能源消费现状与工业生物质能终端消费情况,分析了普洱市林业、农业秸秆资源概况,展望了普洱市发展生物质固体燃料产业的前景,提出了发展对策,指出普洱市可基于现有较发达的木材工业体系,优先建立与发展基于林业生物质资源的生物质固体燃料产业带。     

Effect of extrusion cooking temperature on the microstructure of extruded pellets

ABSTRACT:   The microstructure of extruded pellets (EP) for fish under various extrusion cooking temperatures was studied by using a twin-shaft extruder. As the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased and the bulk density of EP decreased. The liquefaction of the material started because of the increase in inner material temperature, the decrease in inner material pressure, and the decrease in main motor amperage. Thus, the microstructure of EP changed depending on the extrusion cooking conditions, that is, the extrusion cooking temperature effected greatly the liquefaction of the material. Generally, when the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased, but a suitable temperature was found for a maximum expansion rate. The microstructure of the EP was caused by the liquefaction of the material and the microstructure effects on the function of EP. For example, the water holding capacity was affected by the inner bubble structure of an EP. These functions affect the character of the feed. EP produced under suitable conditions can have additional functions for feed.     

Influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder (initial mean weight 6.3 g) in sub optimal water temperatures. A 2 (diets: extruded pellet and moist pellet)×2 (feeding frequencies: two and three times daily)×2 (water temperatures: 12 and 17°C) factorial design with three replications was used. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding frequency did not significantly affect growth performance of fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish reared at the higher water temperature. At the same water temperature, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish fed the extruded pellet than moist pellet. The results of this study indicate that feeding frequency of two times daily is sufficient for optimal growth of juvenile flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures, and an increase in water temperature from 12 to 17°C improved growth and feed efficiency.     

Long-term evaluation of extruded diets compared with raw fish moist diet for growing Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)

A long‐term experiment was conducted in sea cages to compare three experimental extruded pellet (EP) diets with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). White fishmeal (WFM), soybean meal (SM) and fishmeal analogue (BAIFA‐M?)‐based experimental EP diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with 50% crude protein (CP) with available energy of 16.7 kJ g^?1 diet. An MP diet made of 80% frozen horse mackerel + 20% commercial binder meal was also included in the experiment. The proportions of the major protein ingredients in three experimental EP diets were as follows: WFM diet, 100% WFM; SM diet, 70% WFM + 30% SM; BAIFA‐M? diet, 70% WFM + 30% BAIFA‐M?. The experiment was divided into three periods according to fish size: period I, initial weight of 20.2 ± 3.6 g (mean ± SD); period II, initial weight of 57.6 ± 4.7 g (mean ± SD); period III, initial weight of 96.3 ± 6.9 g (mean ± SD). There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, thermal‐unit growth coefficient, specific growth rate, haemoglobin, or haematocrit among fish that were fed the four diets during all three periods. However, fish that were fed the MP diet had a lower survival rate than the fish that were fed the other three EP diets for all periods. These results strongly suggest that EP diets could be developed to replace MP diet for the grow‐out stage of production of Korean rockfish without adverse effects on growth performance.     

滇中昆明地区森林火灾的火环境研究

通过分析滇中昆明地区1980—2009年30年间以10年划分的月平均气象资料,整理相关森林火灾资料,对森林可燃物进行分类,同时结合基础地形、地貌特征,研究森林火灾形成的火环境,结果表明:火环境趋于有利于森林火灾的发生。近30年昆明的月平均最高气温逐渐增加,相对湿度降低,但平均最大风速降低,而3,4月份平均月降水量几乎都是全年的最低,不足30 mm,2009—2013年的持续干旱对森林火灾的发生有着更深刻的影响;复杂的地形、地势也有利于森林火灾的产生、传播,特别是山高、坡陡;主要针叶树种为易燃的云南松和华山松,可燃物非常丰富,在持续干旱的背景下更易孕育重大森林火灾。